Building a battery future is a simple, cost-effective solution to rapidly decarbonise Australia’s electricity network. Neither political party has shown interest. The current political party has continued the strategy of supporting large corporations and not focused on the existing 4 million Australians who have made their own investment in renewable energy. 

The electricity transition from fossil fuel to renewable energy is much simpler than the media portrays. In the past, we turned on the light switch, and the lights come on. So in the future of renewable energy, exactly the same. All the political hysteria is misunderstanding the transition. Consumers and industry will have cheaper electricity and more of it.

We can have the Australian electricity network 95% zero emissions by 2028 in the timetable of the next parliamentary session for less than $0.6 billion foregone in interest and billions less than keeping gas and coal power plants operating. The process is remarkably simple and meets the following measures.

Summary

1. Managed tender process to buy 40 GWh of home storage batteries from global suppliers.
2. Use existing local trades to install.
3. Use existing regulation and certification processes.
4. Use existing energy retailers for repayment of the 5-year interest-free loan.
5. Provide about $60 per month cost of living support to all 4 million households who have solar already installed on their roof.
6. Positive savings to the Federal budget by picking up the cost of interest for the program, but in turn saving three times that amount in coal keeper subsidies and not having to make adjustments to existing gas subsidies.
7.  Reduces emissions from the electricity sector, currently is 34% of Australian emissions (153mTCO₂e) by 95% or to as low as 8 mTCO₂e. 

We Can Do Better

Australia has begun the transition. The benefits are not yet reflected in the cost of living . This allows fossil fuel deniers leverage as we are only 10% through that transition. Most have little awareness we have actually hit the half way point for exiting coal. Coal power plants have halved since 2012. Most are at end of life and will be gone by 2035. The cost of living rise due to electricity is due to the increased profits to fossil fuel companies and the quicker the transition to renewable energy, the less the cost of living increase.

Solar and Wind have grown more than adequately to replace fossil fuels. The timing of generation needs storage to move intermittent renewable energy to peak usage (which is early evening and morning). Batteries can. Commercial build out is about 25GWh of batteries to come on in the next four years.  This poses a real problem that most benefits went to corporations and do not accrue to consumers and voters.  Home owners and renters are left behind. Increased cost of electricity has seen increase cost of living. 

Climate Change  – Who Pays for Emissions

• Fossil fuel companies knew about climate change.
• They lied about it.
• They should pay. They need not to be compensated for any losses.

5 Simple Actions for Climate Change

Emissions cause climate change, so like digging a hole in the ground, we need policies to stop digging (stop emissions). We need to follow the Pareto principle. What are the 20% of actions to achieve 80% of the results? Eliminating emissions is even better.

1. Stop burning gas and coal to generate electricity.
2. Stop burning gas to heat water
3. Stop heating air with gas.
4. Stop heating things with gas.
5. Stop burning oil for transport.

Wind, solar and hydro create electricity. Until now, the biggest problem is the storage of electricity from when the sun shines, the wind blows, and the rain falls.  Storage is holding back the tsunami of free electricity. Wind and solar are free. Batteries have become cheap enough to accelerate the reduction of emissions.

5 Actions for Australia’s Renewable Energy Transition

Solutions to emissions are actually very simple. Some make transition to zero emissions complex, but only 5 areas need to change.

Action	Why	Key Actions
1. Gas for electricity	484PJ of gas is burnt to generate electricity. Reduce by 90% using household batteries.Coal is now less than 45% of emissions	Household batteries are cheap to manufacture. Barriers to purchase need to be removed. Fast to deploy. Provides most cost-of-living relief. Applies to homeowners and renters equally.  Benefits go to consumers, not to the corporations in Sydney or Hong Kong.
2. Heating water	Gas for heating water with gas (home and businesses) in Fairfax is minimal, but in Vic and NSW is important. [1] Queensland had 15% of households use gas to heat water in 2010, and that has dropped over the years [2]	Support initiatives such as 2515 for replacement of gas water heaters with tank hot water cylinders and 6kW of solar panels be extended to all of Australia. Not an issue for Fairfax
3. Heating air	Gas for heating air (home and businesses) in Fairfax is minimal, but in Vic and NSW is important.	Support initiatives such as 2515 for home loans to change from gas heating to heat pumps.Solar and batteries are cheaper than additional costs for insulation. Not a major issue for Fairfax
4.  Heating business things	Industry uses gas to heat manufacturing products from pies to aluminium. Support and extend existing tax incentives for the electrification of industry.	Legislate to enable businesses to be able to put solar and batteries on commercial property and ensure landlords cannot block.  Maintain Future Made in Australia policy passed by the current parliament [3] Stop funding all fossil fuel R&D research No lunch tax, but a 1:2 rebate for all solar panels and batteries for ABN registered businesses up to the energy used in a business over the past 3 years (see detail)  Pilot for Fairfax, to be rolled out nationally after a 12-month test.
	Transportation – not part of Batteries
5. Stop Oil for transport	We import $40 billion of oil each year, more than exports of thermal coal. Fairfax, with 40,000 households and over 3 cars per household, average $3,000 per household sends $120 million out of our community each year for petrol. Australia has less than 28 days of oil for transport. Disruption shuts down Australia, Claim back the sovereignty of the fuel supply.	Claim back sovereignty. Stop buying oil from OPEC for transport, use the sun’s free energy. Keep petrol money locally. Clubs. Trades. Maintain vehicle emission standards and increase them over the next 3 years Phase in mandate V2G for all new EV cars Legislate to stop ICE car advertisingNo sales tax-free on new vehicles for 5 years

Support Existing Policies of Current Parliament

1. Maintain a target of 82% renewable electricity generation by 2030.
2. Maintain target of 43% reduction in emissions levels of 2005 by 2030
3. Continue Electricity Capacity Investment Scheme
4. Continue Future Made in Australia policy passed by the  current parliament [3]
5. Continue but expand business ATO asset write-off for EVs, solar and batteries.

Battery Program  to Accelerate Transition

• Australia has over 4 million households with solar panels.
• Solar has driven down the cost of wholesale electricity during the middle of the day and made coal-fired power plants un-economic (solar and wind are essentially free). 
• Peak demand has now moved to early evening, and coal and gas electricity spot prices are increasing the cost of wholesale electricity and causing cost of living spikes in electricity., 
• Commercial batteries are being rapidly built. The rollout is slower due to regulations and delays by the current government and by AEMO for connections and permits.
• Domestic batteries are not being rolled quickly. Retail prices hare high. 
• Batteries charge during low-cost peak supply.
• Batteries discharge at peak demand. I.e. buy low, sell high.
• There are just not enough of them.
• There is not enough competition in the Australian wholesale electricity market. The big players – and some new ones – are intent on making hay while the sun shines, knowing that it is their “cherished” consumers who will have to foot the bill. [4].
•  This program returns control to the householder.
• This will lower the cost by up to 40% of all Australian households saving households between $50 to $100 per month. Those will batteries will save even more.

Key Principles of Battery Program

1. Solar incentives are no longer fit for purpose [5]. We need to store what we produce, not produce more.
2. During 2024, over 15% of electricity (9% economic, 4% network constrained), adding up to over 4%TWh produced by wind and solar, was curtailed. Moving this wasted energy would have reduced emissions by a proportional amount. [6]
3. DER  (distributed energy resources) or homeowners have been shut out or ignored in the NEM market process operated by AEMO. DER refers to small generation units on the consumer’s side of the meter (behind the meter).
4. Tesla dominates the home storage market with 60% of sales. 
5. Provide “real” cost batteries to 2 million householders who have solar but no storage and wish to do so.  
6. The additional take-up for the other 2 million of the 4 million solar households will be independent of the financial borrowing. 
7. Households do not need to have solar installed. It is preferable to have a minimum of 2.5kWh of solar installed. However they can store other surplus in the grid under software control.
8. Existing customers will need to forgo any existing grandfathered rebates including the Qld Solar Rebate.
9. No new transmission or distribution is needed as the generator and consumer are in the same household or within the same neighbourhood.
10. Provides tangible cost savings to consumers of 2 million households of $1,000 or more per annum and not major corporations and their shareholders
11. Reduces wholesale electricity price shocks as DER will pick up most of the increased demand.
12. Utilises existing billing systems (electricity retailers)
13. Utilising existing local workforce – electricians who live and work in communities. No new training or certification is required.
14. Eliminates the 30% of the cost currently captured by telemarketers and marketing efforts
15. The process is open and transparent. 

Process for Battery Program

1. The Government manages (or contract manages) an RFT tender with up to 20 major battery producers globally for a single “standard offering”. This could be organised by Arena [7] or a specialist contracts manager. 
2. The government contracts to buy 40GWh of 20kWh home storage batteries, with a 1-year drawdown. (2GWh each manufacturer)
3. While the size could be 10kWh, a single size and standard offering minimises contract negotiations, supplier’s costs in production, installation and admin costs.
4. Consumers would be free to choose other products and solutions but these are outside the “standard offering”.
5. Batteries to be Australian standards-compliant 20kWh batteries controllable for VPP. Australian-compliant batteries are listed on the Clean Energy Council website. [8] There are over 80 manufacturers currently listed.
6. Additionally, successful tenderers would need to submit evidence their systems operate with software for virtual private networks (VPP) including Kraken software or similar industry-standard software (Amber) for control of DER. Other VPP solutions customers can use are acceptable. 
7. Every battery is associated with the NMI number unique across Australia for that meter.
8. The wholesale cost should be less than $2,500. An example is systems such as Growatt in Australia are $8,000, and on Alixpress, are less than $2,000.
9. They are billed each on a 5-year payback period. 
10. The warranty is for 10 years on a no-fault replacement basis. The battery supplier is responsible  – but can outsource the service.
11. Any replaced battery must be fully recyclable by the supplier. 
12. The products are shipped to the individual customer’s residence. 
13. The individual is responsible for organising the installation with their preferred electrician, who lodges the approval with their energy supplier (as per normal processes).
14. They are billed through the customer’s existing energy retailer for a total cost not exceeding $3,000, paid monthly in arrears, over 5 years in 60 payments. 

Further Details

• There are 272 electricity retailers in Australia. Only those who wish to participate in the process may do so or may opt out, 
• The energy company has a fully disclosed margin of $500 or  16% Gross Margin for managing the admin and payment process. 
• The retailer may enter into an agreement with the NMI consumer for a VPP solution. The agreement is at the consumer’s discretion.  e.g. The retailer may agree to manage the battery and take a share of the price of electricity. 
•  If the house is sold, the balance is paid back to the energy company on the sale of the property. 
• If the property is rented, the outstanding balance is transferred to the new renter or owner until the money is paid in full.
• This process is simpler as all NMI numbers are unique. The electricity company will have to manage the payments, manage default and outstanding amounts as they do now., 

Why This Process and Approach

1. The current retail battery price is over $15,000 due to price gouging by the industry. Prices from the battery manufacturers have acceptable and reasonable 30% margins. Super profits are not in the interests of individual Australians.
2. Companies such as Tesla have a dominant market hold, and Australia should not be gouged by multibillionaires.
3. Consumers must have control of the batteries from the major gentailers if they choose. If they choose to use alternative funding or go on some other plan from gentailers that is ok. This must be an opt-in. Otherwise, we get a Woolies and Coles oligopoly. 
4. The value of storage of electricity is currently accruing to the majors (AGL, Boral) and not households [9]
5. Banks have had various initiatives since 2010, along with some innovative small finance businesses, but they failed to make substantive progress. Additionally, banks are still investing in fossil fuel development [10] and poured over $3.6 billion into fossil fuels in 2023.
6. Globally, banks are still only investing 0.94 cents for every dollar they put into fossil fuels demonstrating their poor climate strategies and short-sightedness. They cannot be trusted to lead decarbonisation.
7. Some finance groups including Humm, Penti and Brighte have focused on the $2 billion solar marketing but they are dealing with thousands of customers, not millions needed. 
8. Major gentailers including AGL and Australia Energy, have not actually developed any renewable energy to replace their coal plants retiring and are a disgrace, says David Leitch. [11]. They have had the opportunity to contribute but failed.

How Much Gas Will Be Displaced

• The NEM and WMIS gets 40GWh battery in 12 months, not 5 years
• For 95% renewable energy, NEM needs between 24GW/120GWh ([12]  and 60GWh [13]. Snowy 2.0 provides 2/22 of that, other commercial batteries will exceed 20GWh by 2028.
• Battery Contribution
  • At an 80% charge/discharge cycle once each day.
  • 40GWh * 0.8 cycled 1 times a day = 32GWh.
  • Assume a 5kW connection, 2 million at 0.05MW = 10GW/32GWh daily.
  • Over a year, that is 10GW/ 11TWh.
• Gas Reduction
  • Gas provides in NEM = 188 TWh pa; Western Australia SWIS = 5.2 TWh. 
  •  Currently, 484 TJ of gas is used in electricity generation across Australia.
  • Electricity produced =  134 TWh (based on 1 TJ to MWh = 277.7 MWh, 80% efficient from gas to electricity).
  • Daily = 36GWh.
• So the daily cycling of batteries provides 32GWh per day versus gas that produces 36GWh per day.
• Gas use for electricity will be reduced by over 88%. 
• The majority of coal power plants will be uneconomic during the day and in the peak hours and will become stranded assets and will close within 2 years.
• Saves NSW taxpayers $1.6 billion in coal keeper funding.
• This does not include commercial batteries installed.
• This does not include additional wind farms that, over the next 5 years, will add to electricity produced at off-peak times
• This battery program will reduce emissions from the electricity sector which currently is 34% of Australian emissions (153mTCO₂e) by 95% or to ust 8 mTCO₂e

Costs of Program

The costs of this program are simple and transparent. Unusual for Government programs! The assumption is that the management would cost 1% of the capital cost over 5 years.. The interest on the $6 billion is $601 million based current bond rates of <5% up to 5 years. The administration cost for the energy companies is to come out of the $500 they get allocated for each battery installed. They can pass that margin to the customer, or use VPP or other incentives.

Government savings includes:

• $300 cost of living rebate for 9.2m households = $2.7 billion
• Coal Keeper in NSW $1.2 billion
• Cross subsidies to regional consumers from city consumers are estimated at $600m for Queensland Energex vs Ergon customers alone. 

Item	Number	Amount
Admin to RFP for batteries	1% of contract	$60 million
Number of batteries	2,000,000
Cost of batteries	3,000
Price Charged by energy retailer	3,300
Current Govt bond rate	3.96%
Customer Repayment Monthly		-$60.51
Govt Cost 5 Years		-$300.52
Capital cost		$ 6 billion
Govt Interest Cost		$601 million
Total Cost		$661 million

Objections to Policy

1.  Coal and Gas companies will become stranded assets. Shares in these corporations are likely to tumble and will flow into shareholders, including superannuation funds, banks and private investors. Expect a great deal of media opposition. 
2. The major corporations will leverage all the political influence they can muster,
3. Australia spends over $14 billion a year on fossil fuel subsidies. [14] Just one, the diesel fuel rebate is larger than what Australians spend on the Army or the Air Force in total ($7.8 billion) [15].
4. NSW is intending on Coal Keeper for NSW coal plants of $1.2 billion [16]
5. NSW sold Vale Coal plant for $1 million and Trevor St Baker sold it for $730 million [17] within 2 years, so they have a history of pandering to multi-millionaires. 

Other Policies 

1. No more gas or coal mines approved is a contentious policy initiative as part of climate change and particularly from the Greens and climate parties. This battery removes over 40% of all domestic demand for gas and frees up over 450PJ. This gas would be available for export, and be a disincentive for gas companies to invest in new fields.
2. The global demand for gas is going to reduce with China moving to sovereignty and not buying oil, coal and gas. Production assets will become stranded, so it is likely that new gas production will become uneconomic. Hence the banning of new gas is almost certainly not required as market economics will see the end of new gas fields. 
3. Reallocated research. The team of 50 CSIRO people GSIRA $39m from oil and gas research to high-temperature business heating from meat pies to aluminium and all other government research should be reallocated to addressing the need for high temperature in business, thus reducing the 382PJ used in industry.. 

Business Solar and Battery Grant

This is a trial program for the Fairfax Electorate only for the first 12 months.

Subject to review at 12 months and if taken up, deployed nationally. 

All ABN registered businesses on Sunshine Coast Council  = approximately 33,000.

Matching grants up $10,000 per business (ie Solar and Battery) minimum $20,000 system.  Note that an additional tax grant is available for up to $20,000 tax write-off according to business asset depreciation [18]. That could be extended to $50,000.

Business renters have vast areas of rooftop in Maroochydore. This is owned by fossil kings Harvey Norman, Dick Smith, and Trevor St Baker that have flat roofs and no solar.

Solar and Batteries for Businesses 

Landlords cannot block the installation of compliant approved systems

The asset remains the property of the business (not the landlord)

The amount of solar must exceed 6kW, and battery must be over 20kWh

The business must enter into an agreement with a Virtual Power Plant Operator to provide access and to use that battery according to best practice

Renters Right To Solar and Batteries

Tenants do not have the right to put on solar and batteries, due partly to insecure tenancies and the whims of the landlord. That must change to provide cost of living relief to tenants.

1. Adopt the Germany solar balcony registration – renters can put solar on balconies and areas and landlords cannot stop them within six months of being elected.
2. Legislate all landlords of business premises must install sufficient solar to meet the requirements of the tenants within 3 years. In the interim, ABN holders can take advantage of the business solar grant as above.

Building Code Change

 Legislate all new buildings (domestic or commercial) have solar and battery installed from the beginning of 2027

Legislate that all body corporations must make EV charging plugs available within 3 years. This can be as simple as a 20 Amp circuit that any tenant can install an approved slow charger at their parking bay.

Gas in Australia

This policy is about reducing emissions from the gas industry. Gas use is a major contributor to Australian emissions.

Gas companies are gouging Australia. In a detailed overview of the gas industry, Optimistic Storm has a detailed look at the gas industry who pays less than $28 million royalties on $130 billion of exports [19], [20]  less than Qatar, less than Norway, as a result of successive political parties and the great Australian Gas Giveaway.  Moreover, current domestic gas shortages are due to record export spot export prices. [21]

Figure 1 Supply and uses of gas in Australia. Data from data.gov.au [22] and plotted with DataWrapper.

1. Australia exports 71% of all gas. A further 9% is used to process the gas for export.
2. Gas used domestically is 1211 PJ
3. Removing gas from generating electricity would reduce gas used within Australia by 41% within 1 year and exceed our emissions targets.
4. Mining – 79PJ (7%) have existing economic solutions. Firmed wind and solar are the cheapest forms of energy. They can use solar / batteries /wind and need no further support. 
5. Households use 166PJ  (14%). They are addressed through the 2515 initiative to stop using gas to heat water and air and change from gas to heat pumps, solar, and batteries.
6. Manufacturing 382 PJ (31%) Future Made in Australia, tax concessions and grants through business electrification programs. the 494PJ or 41% of gas used for electricity

Government money should not be used to bail out poor decisions by fossil fuel companies. Fossil fuel subsidies need to stop and make it a level playing field.

Coal Plants Are Exiting 

This battery program will accelerate the closure of old and unreliable coal clunkers. With all the rooftop solar able to be stored in local suburbs, coal plants will be unable to produce electricity at the price that batteries can arbitrage daily. 

Coal power plants have been price gouging. [23]

Figure 2. Exit of coal plants. The last coal plant is due to retire at the end of 2035.

References and Further Reading

[1] c=AU; o=Commonwealth of A. ou=Australian B. of Statistics, ‘Chapter – Hot Water Systems’. Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.NSF/bb8db737e2af84b8ca2571780015701e/EF7B03640EB2F9B6CA2577660017EAB0?opendocument

[2] ‘Queensland Household Energy (QHES) Survey 2022’, qhes.com.au. Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://qhes.com.au/home/

[3] ‘Future Made in Australia’. Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://futuremadeinaustralia.gov.au

[4] ‘Generators fill their pockets again, pushing grid prices to new highs and leaving renewables to cop the blame’, RenewEconomy. Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://reneweconomy.com.au/generators-fill-their-pockets-again-pushing-grid-prices-to-new-highs-and-leaving-renewables-to-cop-the-blame/

[5] ‘Rooftop solar incentives without battery storage are no longer fit for purpose | RenewEconomy’. Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://reneweconomy.com.au/rooftop-solar-incentives-without-battery-storage-are-no-longer-fit-for-purpose/

[6] ‘Energy Insiders Podcast: Why is the green energy transition made to sound so hard? | RenewEconomy’. Accessed: Feb. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://reneweconomy.com.au/energy-insiders-podcast-why-is-the-green-energy-transition-made-to-sound-so-hard/

[7] ‘Funding Opportunities – Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)’. Accessed: Feb. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://arena.gov.au/funding/

[8] ‘Approved batteries | Clean Energy Council’. Accessed: Feb. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://cleanenergycouncil.org.au/industry-programs/products-program/batteries

[9] ‘“Ripping off customers:” Energy utilities force households to pay more than double than business | RenewEconomy’. Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://reneweconomy.com.au/ripping-off-customers-energy-utilities-force-households-to-pay-more-than-double-than-business/

[10] M. Tomkins, ‘Big four Australian banks pour $3.6 billion into fossil fuels in 2023’, Market Forces. Accessed: Feb. 20, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.marketforces.org.au/media-release-banking-climate-failure-2024/

Keep reading…

[11] ‘The decarbonisation efforts of Australia’s big gentailers are a disgrace | RenewEconomy’. Accessed: Feb. 20, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://reneweconomy.com.au/the-decarbonisation-efforts-of-australias-big-gentailers-are-a-disgrace/

[12] ‘A near 100 per cent renewables grid is well within reach, and with little storage | RenewEconomy’. Accessed: May 03, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://reneweconomy.com.au/a-near-100-per-cent-renewables-grid-is-well-within-reach-and-with-little-storage/

[13] ‘2024 Integrated System Plan ISP’. Accessed: Jun. 26, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://aemo.com.au/energy-systems/major-publications/integrated-system-plan-isp/2024-integrated-system-plan-isp

[14] E. Littleton, ‘Fossil fuel subsidies’. https://australiainstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/P1021-Fossil-fuel-subsidies-2020-21-Web.pdf

[15] ‘Australian taxpayers could save $7.8bn a year if diesel fuel rebates scheme was wound back | Energy | The Guardian’. Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/may/09/taxpayers-could-save-78bn-a-year-if-diesel-fuel-rebates-scheme-was-wound-back

[16] ‘Labor’s taxpayer-funded Coalkeeper 2.0 is an avoidable disaster for the climate | RenewEconomy’. Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://reneweconomy.com.au/labors-taxpayer-funded-coalkeeper-2-0-is-an-avoidable-disaster-for-the-climate/

[17] ‘Holy coal! How a power station sold for peanuts became a $730m asset’, ABC News, Oct. 23, 2017. Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-24/coal-power-station-sold-for-peanuts-becomes-730-million-asset/9077582

[18] ‘Instant asset write-off for eligible businesses | Australian Taxation Office’. Accessed: Feb. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ato.gov.au/businesses-and-organisations/income-deductions-and-concessions/depreciation-and-capital-expenses-and-allowances/simpler-depreciation-for-small-business/instant-asset-write-off

[19] ‘Reforming the Petroleum Resource Rent Tax’, The Australia Institute. Accessed: Feb. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://australiainstitute.org.au/report/reforming-the-petroleum-resource-rent-tax/

[20] Mark Ogge, Rod Campbell, and Piers Verstegan, ‘Australia’s great gas giveaway’, The Australia Institute. Accessed: Aug. 01, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://australiainstitute.org.au/report/australias-great-gas-giveaway/

[21] ‘Australian gas users pay price as LNG producers prioritise export windfalls’. Accessed: Feb. 22, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://ieefa.org/articles/australian-gas-users-pay-price-lng-producers-prioritise-export-windfalls

[22] ‘Petroleum and gas production and reserve statistics | Datasets | data.gov.au – beta’. Accessed: Feb. 20, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://data.gov.au/dataset/ds-qld-eab09d04-05a8-41c0-92bf-02255e4d7db8/details?q=gas%20production

[23] ‘“Ripping off customers:” Energy utilities force households to pay more than double than business | RenewEconomy’. Accessed: Feb. 20, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://reneweconomy.com.au/ripping-off-customers-energy-utilities-force-households-to-pay-more-than-double-than-business/